Role of Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids in Plant Defense Mechanism

Phenylpropanoids and flavonoids are specialized metabolites that play a crucial role in plant defenses against biotic abiotic stresses. Secondary plants, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, lignins, monolignols, phenolic acids, stilbenes coumarins, significant stress responses interactions with their environment. Under stress-free conditions, influence pollen tube growth, seed maturation, dormancy, the longevity of reproductive organs seeds. adverse can mediate defense responses, accumulation leaves glandular trichomes. Metabolomics has identified PPP correlated resistance to fungi oomycetes. However, correlation be opposite directions depending on pathogen systemic approach is required achieve increased without decreasing another pathogen. The PAL gene located upstream pathway phenylpropanoids have antifungal activity Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani Alternaria alternata. been studied vitro develop biological alternatives synthetic phytoprotectants but host's system most effective mode action. Post-inoculation transcriptomic shifts reveal some genes encoding enzymes rapidly activated, while others induced later infection response. Insects problematic macroscopic pests cultivated plants plants' natural mechanisms herbivores include releasing volatile organic compounds, attracting enemies producing flavonoids. Increasing content infested reduce population insects cause damage spread viruses. Plant-environment interaction, mediated by secondary like leads diversity structures. Systemic biology will realized through sequencing, structural elucidation, analytical tools. Model crops used for exploration.